The cascading filesystem allows transparent class extension. For instance, the class Cookie is defined in SYSPATH/classes/Cookie.php as:
class Cookie extends Kohana_Cookie {}
The default Kohana classes, and many extensions, use this definition so that almost all classes can be extended. You extend any class transparently, by defining your own class in APPPATH/classes/Cookie.php to add your own methods.
You should never modify any of the files that are distributed with Kohana. Always make modifications to classes using transparent extension to prevent upgrade issues.
For instance, if you wanted to create method that sets encrypted cookies using the Encrypt class, you would create a file at APPPATH/classes/Cookie.php that extends Kohana_Cookie, and adds your functions:
<?php defined('SYSPATH') OR die('No direct script access.');
class Cookie extends Kohana_Cookie {
/**
* @var mixed default encryption instance
*/
public static $encryption = 'default';
/**
* Sets an encrypted cookie.
*
* @uses Cookie::set
* @uses Encrypt::encode
*/
public static function encrypt($name, $value, $expiration = NULL)
{
$value = Encrypt::instance(Cookie::$encrpytion)->encode((string) $value);
parent::set($name, $value, $expiration);
}
/**
* Gets an encrypted cookie.
*
* @uses Cookie::get
* @uses Encrypt::decode
*/
public static function decrypt($name, $default = NULL)
{
if ($value = parent::get($name, NULL))
{
$value = Encrypt::instance(Cookie::$encryption)->decode($value);
}
return isset($value) ? $value : $default;
}
} // End Cookie
Now calling Cookie::encrypt('secret', $data) will create an encrypted cookie which we can decrypt with $data = Cookie::decrypt('secret').
To understand how this works, let's look at what happens normally. When you use the Cookie class, Kohana::autoload looks for classes/Cookie.php in the cascading filesystem. It looks in application, then each module, then system. The file is found in system and is included. Of course, system/classes/Cookie.php is just an empty class which extends Kohana_Cookie. Again, Kohana::autoload is called this time looking for classes/Kohana/Cookie.php which it finds in system.
When you add your transparently extended cookie class at application/classes/Cookie.php this file essentially "replaces" the file at system/classes/Cookie.php without actually touching it. This happens because this time when we use the Cookie class Kohana::autoload looks for classes/Cookie.php and finds the file in application and includes that one, instead of the one in system.
If you are using the Cookie class, and want to change a setting, you should do so using transparent extension, rather than editing the file in the system folder. If you edit it directly, and in the future you upgrade your Kohana version by replacing the system folder, your changes will be reverted and your cookies will probably be invalid. Instead, create a Cookie.php file either in application/classes/Cookie.php or a module (MODPATH/<modulename>/classes/Cookie.php).
class Cookie extends Kohana_Cookie {
// Set a new salt
public $salt = "some new better random salt phrase";
// Don't allow javascript access to cookies
public $httponly = TRUE;
}
Just post the code and brief description of what function it adds, you don't have to do the "How it works" like above.
Just post the code and brief description of what function it adds, you don't have to do the "How it works" like above.
TODO: Provide some links to modules on github, etc that have examples of transparent extension in use.
If you are extending a Kohana class in a module, you should maintain transparent extensions. In other words, do not include any variables or function in the "base" class (eg. Cookie). Instead make your own namespaced class, and have the "base" class extend that one. With our Encrypted cookie example we can create MODPATH/mymod/Encrypted/Cookie.php:
class Encrypted_Cookie extends Kohana_Cookie {
// Use the same encrypt() and decrypt() methods as above
}
And create MODPATH/mymod/Cookie.php:
class Cookie extends Encrypted_Cookie {}
This will still allow users to add their own extension to Cookie while leaving your extensions intact. To do that they would make a cookie class that extends Encrypted_Cookie (rather than Kohana_Cookie) in their application folder.